СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ НЕВЫНАШИВАНИЯ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ: КЛИНИКО-ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ, ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ И МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ

Abstract

Recurrent and sporadic pregnancy loss remains one of the most significant challenges in modern Obstetrics and Gynecology and reproductive medicine, exerting a substantial impact on demographic indicators, family reproductive potential, and the psychoemotional well-being of women. This term encompasses spontaneous miscarriage, missed abortion, late reproductive loss, and recurrent pregnancy loss. The etiopathogenesis of this condition is multifactorial and includes genetic, endocrine, immunological, anatomical, infectious-inflammatory, thrombophilic, and epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, early, stepwise, and personalized diagnostic assessment is of particular importance. This article presents an expanded review of contemporary diagnostic methods for patients with pregnancy loss. The possibilities of clinical assessment, hormonal profiling, coagulation testing, genetic diagnostics, Transvaginal Ultrasound Examination, Hysteroscopy, evaluation of immunological markers, endometrial microbiome analysis, endometrial receptivity assessment, as well as the use of artificial intelligence and predictive risk models are discussed. It is shown that the highest diagnostic value is achieved through a combination of traditional and innovative technologies within a multidisciplinary approach.