LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES AFTER TRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMAS: A CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC ANALYSIS

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the most pressing challenges in modern neurosurgery and neurology due to its high mortality, long-term disability, and significant socioeconomic impact. Traumatic intracranial hematomas occupy a central position in the structure of TBI, as they frequently lead to brain compression syndrome, secondary ischemic injury, and persistent neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of neurological symptoms, functional recovery, and social adaptation in the long-term period following traumatic intracranial hematomas. A retrospective analysis of 197 patients with isolated traumatic intracranial hematomas was performed, with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 22 years. Clinical-statistical, neurological, neuropsychological methods, computed tomography, and electroencephalography were used. The long-term period was characterized by a wide spectrum of maladaptive neurological syndromes, including focal cerebral, epileptic, and hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndromes. Reduced or lost working capacity was observed in 60% of patients. Early diagnosis, timely and radical surgical intervention, and delayed primary cranioplasty were associated with improved functional outcomes and higher quality of life. The findings emphasize the importance of early surgical management and long-term multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with traumatic intracranial hematomas.